It is actually quite difficult to get embryos suitable for freezing during a fertility treatment as the criteria for freezing is actually higher than that for a fresh transfer.  This is because as water expands on freezing, any embryo which has even a small amount of fragmentation can be split apart by the increasing size of the ice.  With a fresh embryo transfer this is not an issue and so embryos with a small amount of fragmentation can still be transferred.

All infertility treatments have varying success rates depending on a variety of factors, including maternal age, cause of infertility and expertise of the clinic performing the procedure.  However, frozen embryo transfers generally have a much lower success rate than fresh embryos transferred after IVF or ICSI.  It is thought that one of the reasons for this is that the freezing process itself thickens the zona pellicuda, making it more difficult for the embryo to hatch out after it has been thawed.

Approximately 75-85% of embryos survive thawing and so it is generally recommended to thaw 3 or 4 embryos at a time to ensure that some will survive to be put back into the woman.  The loss of embryos tends to be seen when they don’t resume their division once thawed.  Several studies have shown that by performing assisted hatching on the thawed embryos they stand a much better chance of hatching out of their protective coating.  Obviously this has the knock on effect of improving the likelihood that the embryo will implant and go on to provide a viable pregnancy.

The process of performing assisted hatching on a thawed embryo is identical to carrying out the procedure on a fresh one and the risk of damage to the embryo is also exactly the same, at about 1%.  Some people choose to have a frozen embryo transfer over a fresh transfer.  This can be for a variety of reasons.  Some advantages of a frozen embryo transfer (FET) are that there is no risk of ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome (OHSS) and if a woman falls ill or suffers uterine bleeding just before transfer, both of which would reduce the likelihood of the fresh transfer succeeding.

Assisted Hatching was first carried out in the 1990s.  It is performed in order to help an embryo hatch out of its protective protein coat and implant into the uterus. The coat surrounds the embryos and helps to regulate fertilisation by preventing more than one sperm from penetrating the egg. It also acts as protection during the early stages of development.

Research has shown that assisted hatching is only beneficial for certain groups of patients.  Studies have shown that where it is carried out after fertility treatment for all groups of patients it doesn’t increase the chances of success.  However, when the patient is selected on specific criteria it can produce a considerable improvement in success rates.

The first group for whom assisted hatching IVF is recommended is women over the age of 37.  This is because as a woman ages, so do her eggs resulting in a thickening and hardening of the protective layer.  This is part of the reason why the IVF process becomes less successful as women age.  For this reason assisted hatching is particularly useful for older women and those whose embryos are known to have a particularly thick zona pellicuda.

The second group is those who have suffered repeated failed infertility treatments.  Though the exact causes of these failures is rarely known it has been shown that the procedure can significantly improve the chances of success for these women.

The final group is women who are found to have an elevated FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) on day 3 of their monthly cycle.  You would hope that FSH levels would be less than 15 mIU/mL on day 3 but if they are above this then it is an indicator of a failing ovarian reserve.  This happens as a woman approaches the menopause.  Having a high FSH when you are quite young is a sign that your eggs are prematurely aging, which could be the cause of your IVF failure as, just like older women, the protective layer is beginning to thicken.

• There is a greater likelihood of implantation occurring
• It is still possible for embryos to be cultured to the blastocyst stage
• Increased success means that fewer embryos are needed for transfer

Studies of babies born to couples who had the laser-assisted hatching procedure carried out on their embryos during fertility treatment show no alteration in the genetic material of their cells and no rise in congenital abnormalities.

Risks Associated with Assisted Hatching

The main factor affecting the amount of risk associated with assisted hatching IVF is how experienced the embryologist carrying out the procedure is.  The risk of damage is very small (around 1%) when an experienced embryologist performs the procedure.

The main risk of assisted hatching is that statistics show that it increases the chance that the woman will have identical twins compared to other fertility treatments.  The cause of this is that the technique used to thin out the protective layer can also sometimes split the embryo into two halves.

There is also a tiny increased risk of:

• Siamese twins
• Embryo damage, causing it to stop splitting
• Physical deformity

Success rates after Assisted Hatching

Across the world different clinics have widely varying success rates.  This will be partly down to the experience of their embryologist in performing the procedure, which method of assisted hatching is used and differences in the groups of people being treated at the clinic.  Some clinics see no increase in their rates of pregnancy when the procedure is performed on all their patients.  However, increases in implantation rates and pregnancy rates are generally reported when clinics choose specific groups of patients to use assisted hatching on.

The assisted hatching procedure has been linked to very good success rates when it is performed by an experienced practitioner. In fact, in women aged between 35 and 39 some clinics have achieved rates as high as 50%.  Another category which really benefits is the over 40 age group, who traditionally have much lower success rates. Success rates can be increased by up to 10% for this group.

Who is Assisted Hatching recommended for?

• women over the age of 37
• women with elevated FSH on day 3 of their menstrual cycle
• couples who have experienced repeated failed IVF treatment
• couples whose embryos have a particularly thick zona pellicuda

chemical

This is the most commonly used method of assisted hatching ivf. A tiny bit of acidic solution is dropped onto the zona pellicuda through a hollow needle by the embryologist.  The acid slowly eats into the protective layer, making a small hole.  Finally the embryo is washed in a special liquid.

mechanical

A micromanipulator machine is used with this technique.  During this process a very thin glass needle is used to pierce the zona pellucida mechanically through both sides, then a pipette is rubbed against the trapped area of the protective layer until the area has been completely ground down.

Laser

The first two methods mentioned here bear some risk of damaging the embryo.  However, because of its precise, reliable nature, laser technology is a much safer option.  Not many clinics are using the process as yet as the machinery is expensive and new training is required but those that do have noticed an increase in success rates.

Advantages:

• Laser assisted hatching doesn’t involve the use of chemicals which could possibly harm the embryos and it is completed in a much shorter time frame and so the embryos spend less time out of their optimal culture conditions. This method also needs significantly less manual handling of the embryos, which also reduces the possibilities for accidental damage.
• All of the above mentioned factors help to minimise the stress that the embryos are put under during the IVF treatment and will hopefully then have an increased chance of implantation success and rates of pregnancy.

Costs

In the UK the average cost of Assisted Hatching is £400 while in the US it is $750 and in Australia $265.  Remember that this is added onto the considerably more expensive IVF cost.

There are some factors in a couple’s history which may indicate having tests before 2 years.  In the male partner this would be having had un-descended testicles as a child or having suffered from mumps.  In the female partner being over 35 years old, having a history of abnormal menstrual periods, having had surgery in the pelvic or abdominal regions or having a known condition such as PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome).

Treatment for infertility

There are many different types of fertility treatments but as assisted hatching is performed during the  IVF process this is the treatment that we will concentrate on here.

IVF is the process of fertilising a woman’s eggs outside her body in a test tube. Since the first IVF baby, Louise Brown, was born in Britain in 1978 IVF has produced over one million babies worldwide. As the procedure has been improved and refined the rate of pregnancy and live births have increased steadily year on year, resulting in a large increase in the number of IVF treatment cycles performed worldwide.

For whom is IVF is advised?

IVF is often recommended to certain groups of people, these include:

• Women with damaged or blocked fallopian tubes or whose tubes have been removed after an ectopic pregnancy or for other reasons.
• Endometriosis sufferers.
• Women with cervical mucus which is too scarce, sticky or acidic.
• Men with poor morphology, motility or quantity.
• Men or women with immunological infertility problems.
• Couples with unexplained infertility.

There are further criteria used to determine whether assisted hatching should be performed on the embryos produced during IVF and these will be discussed later on.